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Last updated
July 26, 2025

Wood burning

Air pollution and wood burning research reveals significant local air quality impacts from residential heating and cooking with wood, particularly affecting communities that rely heavily on biomass fuels. Studies demonstrate that wood smoke contains numerous harmful compounds including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds that can cause both acute and chronic health effects. The evidence shows particular impacts in areas with poor ventilation and during winter months when burning increases. Discover the research documenting wood burning health impacts and what cleaner heating alternatives can reduce exposure risks.
  • Smoke from wood-burning is made up of fine matter particles which contain toxic air pollutants. These particles can trigger or worsen asthma and other respiratory issues, along with cardiovascular issues (EPA, 2024)
  • Preventions/solutions - make sure wood is dry (sound, cracked ends, bark) and not wet as dry wood produces less smoke. Do not burn treated wood (painted, stained, chemically treated) (UK Air)
  • In 2020, wood burning accounted for 25% of PM2.5 emissions which had increased by 35% since 2010. (London Gov, 2024)
  • 47% of world pop (~3.6 billion) exposed to solid fuel household pollution (State of Global Air | 2024)
  • Around 2.1 billion people are exposed to dangerous levels of household air pollution, while using polluting open fires or stoves for cooking. (WHO, 2025)
  • What to do? Reduce the amount you burn, make sure the wood burning stove meets the EcoDesign Standards. EcoDesign stoves produce 450X more toxic air whereas older stoves produce 3700X more toxic air. No bonfires. (London Gov, 2024)
  • A study was conducted. Researchers installed indoor and outdoor air quality monitors in 20 households. 19 of the households used drywood and 1 of the households used an open fireplace (smokeless coal only). Overall after four weeks, when stoves were being used regularly (four hours), the level of PM1 and PM2.5 inside the homes increased by three times than when stoves were not in use. There was a peak in harmful matter for about one hour when the stoves were in use (when the door was open for refueling). Levels were 250%-400% higher when refueling more than once. (University of Sheffield, 2020)
  • What to do - if people want to use a wood stove, they should minimise the amount of time the stove is open during lighting or refueling. Must raise awareness. (University of Sheffield, 2020)
  • Burning wood adds more particle pollutants to the air than UK vehicle exhaust. Primarily used by those in rural areas, and as a pastime by the wealthy, wood burning builds up in neighborhoods and even in areas covered by smoke-controls (Fuller, 2025)
  • Only 8% of homes in the UK with wood burning stoves use them as the primary heating source (Healthy Air Coalition, 2025)
  • “However, burning wood for one hour in an EcoDesign stove has been found to emit PM2.5 levels six times higher than a Heavy Goods Vehicle idling for the same amount of time.” (Healthy Air Coalition, 2025)
    • 1 stove is equivalent to 18 newer diesel passenger cars or 6 modern heavy goods vehicles
    • Stoves labeled “Defra-approved” are confusing for consumers

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